为什么电子不会坠落到原子核上？

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但这个模型存在一个致命漏洞：根据经典电磁学理论，做加速运动的带电粒子会不断辐射电磁波，损失能量。按照这个规律，电子会像逐渐失去动力的卫星一样，沿着螺旋线不断靠近原子核，最终在极短时间内坠落，原子也会随之坍塌，但现实是，原子稳定存在了数十亿年，从未出现过这种情况。

经典物理学的“失效”，催生了量子力学的诞生。

1913年，丹麦物理学家玻尔提出了玻尔模型，首次将量子概念引入原子结构。他提出两个核心假设：一是电子只能在特定的“量子化轨道”上运动，这些轨道的能量是固定的，电子在轨道上运动时不会辐射能量；二是当电子从高能级轨道跃迁到低能级轨道时，才会释放出能量，能量差以光子的形式辐射出来，反之则吸收光子。糖心

玻尔模型虽然解释了氢原子的光谱现象，但无法解释更复杂的多电子原子，也没有从根本上说明“量子化轨道”为何存在。

直到20世纪20年代，量子力学的“波粒二象性”理论问世，才真正揭开了电子运动的本质。法国物理学家德布罗意提出，电子不仅是粒子，还具有波动性，其波长与动量成反比。这意味着，电子在核外的运动不能用“轨道”描述，而是呈现出“概率云”的形态，我们无法确定某一时刻电子的具体位置，只能通过数学公式计算电子在核外某区域出现的概率。吃瓜黑料

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